Cutter



Jan. 23, 1951 J. R. MILLER 2,538,909

CUTTER Filed June 22, 1945 INVENTOR Edd 4% 7/7/97" Patented Jan. 23, 1951 PAT EN T: OFF I C E 2,538,909 CUTTER John Rudolph Miller Chicago -Ill, assig q t Bea er Tool &-.-EngineeringICQTP LBig' Bea /er,

Mich; a corporation-of Michi an Application J line-22; 1945;;Serial No. 600,-'978v- 9 Claims. Cl. 29:105.), 1

The present invention. pertains to a novel me s-1 q ee ri een;, serte spa t n. a ma c as re b a e-flea cutt r;b da byhm ch eicall e nt. td t e uie d m; br zin r ther he ew e he ti e lie et mary object; of thisinyentio Another object of the invention is; toconstruct the v wed e i al anne o c ntr the c ow; during the cuttingt operationg This obj ect is a eo iehed een ra y b wpart u eacu v tur n the wedge which willpresentlybe describedi tail" The wedge. is preferably jprovidedwit .a

wearresistant surface 7 where I engaged by, the ip hou h the .wedge;mayreadily be re -i. placed if worn el -marred, In -this; connection; the invention also fPIOVidGS a unique mounting, and design of the cutter blades for a highly efii-V cient chip flow and yet having adequatestrength for-putting hardme tals r More specifically in this regard, the blades are set in thecutter at a high a positive basic radial angle or rake-which is c0n. ducive to .efficient chip fiow, Such an;ang le howevenis bettersuited for soft metals; than for hard metals. Provisionior cutting hard metals is accomplished,,withoutaltering the basic angle, by formingthe cutting edge of: the .blade at the; outer end of a smallland which is inclined rearwardly from the leading face of the blade at an angle which may; readily be waried depending upofi t e, y ca a e teri ti oft amobe cut.

The clearance. anglenm the ;-peripheral face of" A the vbladlelies behind th e last named angle The -t 50 i ed l aa lt e ran nelez -.e 1 h hat. onlythesrnall land needs when ground-.Whileth H relation be ween ,l e-bee n le t e sm -z e pgsitiye yal-ue and suitable more especially for the a setter metals, ,Without altering this, angle, the ,1 ay reasiily beadaptedzf or .cutting harder, a .i by wi ling.,-'-i s.; :.utting .edge'at. the xouterc ni cof; a l mall and; r0und;:at an an le to" h leading face of the blade, which angle is less p0sitiyethan the; gsaidbasic;anglecandiis varied according to the hardnessof the-metalto be .cut.:,

Thai-aboveand1other.;,,objects.;oflthelinvention will appeanmqrfi fully frorn theimoredetaileddea scription and by reference lzto, the; accompanying ra in s. jfo mi atpa-lt thereof. and-wherein :1

-x1 iis asideelevat-ion of a cutterconstructed. andassembled accordingito theinvention;

-'22. is. a. section. onz-theline 2..;2- of.Fig..- 1;

Fig. 3 is a detail elevation;

F1 is a detail::,edge:elevation-of the cutter bod Fig.5 isqa:sectiomontheline 5+51of Fig.3 x

Fig. 71's a. perspective ,view of the, blade.

Reference to ,-these :views :willrnow be made by use of; likeicharaeters which: are-,zemployed; to designate ;corresponding-rparts throughout? In-.-FigS-. ;1' andt2cis shown acutter body -1-8 have.

' ing the usual peripheral notches H iformingsaw Teach saw-:tooth:zl.2 is'formedla machined bladeslot I 3 :eXtendinggenerall-y ntowardslthe axis of rotation butatsuch aniangle to.;a radiallplane so that: a ecnttersblade .20 inserted therein will lie: at an extreme positive basic radial angle orerakeangle suitable for cutting, the softer materials;

The, slots; 1! 3 extend only partially through. the thickness-.of, the body .lll so thatieach slothas a bottom wall I 4,; as; may-be seen more clearly in v basic a d-, e m e e n t be rareailed; echt me the b ad r a pen s h sr sult nq er mpor antbbie t f the 346 1 3 1:

FigaZ, @TldgfihbSfiklWflllll 4%@ formed on thefront faces of-gthe,backingtshoulders"=12 (see Fi'gswl and-1 3);} Each notchtzll is; extendedlfromitsi'bottomn or radially inward, in the form of a pocket l5 haying:anarcuateuwalla [G {OPDGSitSr-Ithfi; adjacent blade slot; Alternate pockets have {the arcuate ell; c ntimie s t 11 ast as. thec rre p n e. ing bladeslot 13.; s The-remainingor intervening g -with;a straight;.- inner;wva11 j].

g r. 2m hean .u te Wa E 5 to l the blade slgtin order to ,gclearhthetcoun er k Ill In each of the slots 53 is inserted a cutter blade 2|] backed against the adjacent or backing shoulder i2 and projecting somewhat beyond the periphery of the cutter body, as well known in the art. The longitudinal forward face 2| of each blade, or the side facing towards a notch H is a wedge surface that slopes from the bottom M of the slot l3 outwardly towards the forward face of the cutter and is also inclined towards the back wall la of the slot 53.

Each of the pockets 5 receives a locking wedge for the adjacent blade. The wedges 22, 23 for the two shapes of pockets are obviously formed to fit neatly but rotatably in the respective pockets. Each wedge is formed with a plane and sloped wedging surface 24, which as shown best in Fig. 5, is parallel with the wedging forward face 2| of the cooperating blade and with which it has a considerable area of surface engagement extending longitudinally of the blade surface 2| substantially midway between the inner and outer edges thereof. As will be seen from Figs. 1 and 3 the chord length of this area relative to the cylindrical a wedge is such as to subtend an angle of at least 90. automatic burning of the wedges in their respective pockets and a self-adjustment thereof to exert a uniform clamping action on the cutting blades longitudinally thereof when the wedge screws are tightened is theraty insured.

The means for tightening the wedges consists of a differential screw having a portion of larger diameter threaded in the wedge and a portion 26 of smaller diameter adapted to be received in a tapped hole 21 extending into the body In from the extended bottom wall M of each blade slot IS. The thread on the portion 25 is of the same hand as, but has a finer pitch than, the thread on the portion 26. As the screw is turned into the body against the adjacent blade at a high mechanical advantage, corresponding to that of a thread of extremely small pitch, due to the action of the differential screw.

The wedge #53 for the form. of pocket a straight wall H is formed with a straight bevelled edge 23, and the wall I! is undercut to clear the bevelled edge 23'. Both the edge 23' and the wall I! are thus caused to lie parallel to the axis of the hole I8, due to the dished configuration of the body It].

That surface of each wedge 22, 23 which faces towards the periphery of the body IE] is concaved as at 28 between the edge portions I6 and 24 on the outer side of the screw hole. Due to the sloping relation of the bottom wall M to the axis of the body ID the surface 28 slopes laterally outward from the body and toward the projected axis.

The high positive radial or rake angle of the blade 20 is favorable for urging the chips away from the work and towards the center of the cutter and the curved face 28 of the wedge. In order to prevent the chips from piling up and jamming in the notches H in advance of the forward cutting faces 2|, the concave edges 28 of the wedges in addition to being curved are inclined towards the front face of the cutter body at a negative helix angle. The faces of the notches likewise extend at a negative helix angle so as to divert or direct the chips outwardly from the work in a direction longitudinally of the axis of rotation of the cutter and thereby make the cutter self-clearing as to the chips which it removes from the workpiece. The edges the wedge is forced 28 may be hardened or the wedges may consist entirely of wear-resistant material in order not to deteriorate rapidly under the impact of the chips. However, when a wedge becomes seriously battered, it is easily replaceable by the means already described.

The high positive rake angle of the blades is of course established by the angle at which the slots l3 are cut in the body Ill and is therefore fixed. As shown, this angle is of the order of 35 which was selected as most conducive for chip disposal as well as being extreme for most materials to be out. As the rake angle for most materials, especially metals, must be much smaller than 35 the blades 25 may readily be adapted for the cutting of various materials by grinding a narrow land 38 rearwardly inclined at a negative angle to the leading face 22 of the blade and terminating in a peripheral cutting edge. The angle of the land 30 is determined by the effective rake angle best suited for the physical characteristics of the material to be out. In the constructional example illustrated, the angle of the land 38 is minus 15 to the leading face 2| of the blade and as the latter lies at the basic plus 35 angle the effective rake angle is therefore plus 20. In addition to varying the rake angle to accommodate the cutter to the different materials to be cut, slight changes in the inclination of such angle will efiect a marked change in the direction at which the chips flow away from the cutting edge. Behind the land 35 are the clearance angle surfaces 3|, 32. As the blades are fitted neatly within the slots |3, they are thus maintained at an extreme positive basic radial angle favorable for efiicient chip flow, while the provision of the land 3|) at the cutting edge of each blade with a less positive angle eliminates the presence of a thin section at the cutting edge thus giving greater strength for cutting harder metals and preventing overheating of the cutting edges.

It is also evident that the original grinding and the regrinding of the last named rake angle does not interfere with the clearance angles. The usual side lands or lateral clearances 33 are provided at the extremities of the cutting edge.

It is to be noted that the peripheral cutting face 35 of each blade is sharply beveled or inclined to the horizontal plane or a plane transverse to the axis of rotation of the cutter. This angle is governed in part by the angle at which the slot E3 is lii'fiChilEGd into the cutter body which, as shown in Figs. 2 and 6 of the drawing, preferably extends at 15 to said plane. The outer peripheral faces 35 of the blades are ground at a slight angle to a perpendicular to the face 2| of the blade for example at an angle of 8 thereto which added to the 15 inclination of the blades gives the blades an effective bevel angle of 23. As a result of such angle when the blades 20 are reinserted in the slots after regrinding and are recurrently positioned with their bottom faces farther from the bottoms of the slots l3, the original relationship between the extent to which the effective part of the facial cutting edge projects from the cutter body and the O. D. of the cutter is not materially altered. The 15 angle of inclination of the facial cutting edge is also highly important from the standpoint of providing the face of the cutter with a relatively deeply dished recess adjacent the axis of rotation thus providing a large chip clearance space that effectively prevents jamming of chips in the spaces between the facial cutting teeth absence.

ting speeds and ashi w a area." rssQiret per minute. -Suehihigh. 'speed could not be attained were itnbt for the fact thatthe eased-vs peripheral cutting edg of the blade is formed at the edge ,of the: small land 35" that extends at a negative-anglefto the front I face 2i of the cutter which extends 'at such a high positive rake angle. Thejriegative angle land ,slliinsures a suiiicient thickness QT material at the cutting edges of the blades for heat conductivity and. eliminates theme of thin knife-like edges that would quickly be'come overheated,

chipped and burned out by heavy cuts at such high speeds. In addition, the high positive angle of the front or leading face}! of the-blade, which makes the use'ofthe negative land possible, also contributes materially u; the high efliciency of the tool'because of the rapidity "with which it directs the highly'heate'dchips away from the cutting edges. This, together'with the use of the hardened steel wedges having the laterally and longitudinally 'concavely curved faces 28 on to which the hot chips are directed by-the leading face of the blades and-which-curvedwedge faces in turn directthe chips H outwardly and prevent packing of them, also contributes materiallyto the toolshigh efiicien'cy.

Although; thevcutter. of ltheLpresentinvention. is primarily. designed for use iwith lcarbide tungsten cutting blades, it will, of course, behunderstcodthat suchbladesmaybemade of high grade tool steel or any other suitable material depending upon the physical charaetr'isue'sbr the workpiege e t,

The assembly of the cutter is as follows The blades 2!] are placedninto the ,machined slots I 3. The portion 25 of the differential screws are screwed part way into wedges 22 and 23 until the smaller end Ze -of the screws-project @from that side of the iwedges whichlseats against the bottom of theiwedgeupockets inbody Iii. iWedges 22 and 23 withthe screwsin placeare next placed in the cutter body I withangularside of wedges nextLto angular side .of.blades i20.',. Thelscrews are .inext screwed. into the. cutter. body while wedges 22 and 23 are prevented-from turning by contact with blades 25. As the screwsare turned clockwise (if right hand threads are used on the screws), the-wedges 22 and 23 are pulled closer to the body ll because the differential action of the threads of different pitches on the screws cause the screws to advance more rapidly into the threaded hole in body than they advance in the wedges.

The angle on wedges 22 and 23 contacts the angle on blades 26, forcing blades tightly into the blade pocket in body In as the wedges are drawn closer to the bottom of the wedge pockets. As the wedges are drawn up solid between blades 59 and the curved wedge pockets in body 10, by the coarser threads of the portions 26 of the screws, further tightening of the screws causes thelfinermthreads,cfqthe portionslfi tcibecqmel eifective thus ,due, tohthedifierential, actionllocke ing the screws, .vvedges.andlbladesn firmlyand preventing them from loosenin due. to vibration, .7

The blades as may be groundbeforeassembling,

into bQClM;.-l ii ;and,. then,.set vtruelvvith anindicator or maybe as embled intolbody, fiiandt enlfinish-l qundfin p aces.

While; ens waa. s tisfa cr cQnst g-.- .i will,

me! examb glc l the, es nt inv nt hsij iit theaepeesieejel imall I claim: 1. A millingcutter for cutting metals having ata negative helix angleto the axis of rotation of said cutter.

2. A milling cutter for cutting metals compris ing, a body having a slot thereinextending at a negative helix angle to the axis of rotation of I said cutter and at a large positive radial rake' angle to said axis, a cutting blade fitted neatly within said slot, the eifective rake angle of saidblade being formed by grinding a small: land extending at a less positive (which may include negative) angle at the cutting edge of said blade in accordance with the physical characteristics of the metal to be cut. t

3. A milling cutter for cutting metals comprising a body having a slot extending inwardly from one edge thereof, said slot having a back wall and a bottom wall, a pocket adjacent to, and

communicating with, said slot opposite said back wall, a cutting member inserted in said slot and having a front wall facing said pocket inclined at a wedging angle to both said back and bottom walls, a wedge member in said pocket having a wedge surface parallel to the front wall of said cutting member, and means to move said wedge member towards the-bottom of said slot in wedging contact with said cutting member to exert a positive force on said cutting member having components directed towards the back and bottom" walls of said slot, said means'comprising a differential screw threaded through said wedge member and-\into said body in parallelism with the back wall of said slot.

4. A milling cutter for cutting metals comprising -a body having a slot extending inwardly from onehedge thereof, said slot having a back wall and a bottom wall, a pocket adjacent to, and communicating with, saidslot oppositelsaid back wallhaving an arcuate wallopposed to and facing isaid-llslot, a cutting ,member inserted in,

said slot and having a front wall facing said pocket inclined at a wedging angle to both said back and bottom walls, a wedge member rotatably mounted in said pocket having a wedge surface parallel to the front wall of said cutting member and of a contact length longitudinally of said blade at least as long as a chord that subtends an arc of struck from the center of rotation of'said wedge, and means to move said wedge member towards the bottom of said slot in wedging contact with said cutting member to exert a positive force on said cutting member having tails ari aresq itallte ithoutjsi ertinslf qml components directed towards the back and bottom walls of said slot, said means comprising a dinerentlal screw threaded through said wedge member and into said body in parallelism with the back wall or said slot.

5. A milling cutter for cutting metals having a body and a plurality of peripheral edged cut-- ting blades detachably secured therein, a clamping wedge Ior eacn blade having a hardened wear-resistant curved chip directmg surface Iacing the peripheral cutting edge or said blade and extending laterally away from the front cutting face thereof, said curved surface also being inclined to the axis of rotation of said cutter at a negative helix angle, and a differential screw for camping said wedge to said body and looking it securely against its respective cutting blade.

6. A milling cutter for cutting metals comprising a body having a slot therein extending at an extreme positive radial rake angle larger than required, a cutting blade having a peripheral cutting edge fitted neatly within said slot and having an effective rake angle established by a narrow land extending radially inward from said peripheral cutting edge at a negative angle to the forward or leading face of said cutting blade, the angle of inclination of said land being determined by the physical characteristics of the metal to be cut.

7. A milling cutter for cutting metals, com prising a body, a cutting blade detachably mounted therein at a large positive rake angle to the radius of said body, said positive rake angle being of the order commonly employed for cutting soft materials, said cutting blade projecting beyond the periphery of said body and having a cutting edge formed thereon by a narrow land inclined inwardly from said edge at a rake angle less positive than the first-named angle, the leading face of said cutting blade forming a chipclearance angle extending from said cutting edge toward the center of the cutter extending at said large positive rake angle, and the angle of inclination of said narrow land being adapted to be varied in accordance with the physical characteristics of the material to be cut thereby to establish an effective rake angle for said blade best suited for such material.

8. In a face milling cutter for cutting metals, the combination of a substantially cylindrical body having a plurality of slots open to the periphery and one face of said body and having a back wall extending inwardly from said periphery at a large positive rake angle greater than requisite, a cutting blade detachably mounted within each of said slots and having cutting edges projecting beyond said periphery and said face of said body, the peripheral cutting edge of said blade being formed at the forward edge of a narrow land extending at a rake angle less positive than said first-named angle by an amount determined by the physical characteristics of the material to be cut to provide said peripheral end with an BL-l-GCDLVE ra e angle best suited 101 such material, said body 061115 pIUVlueG. with a substantlally cylindrical pocket auJacent to and commullicatnig with the leading side of eacn of said slots, and a replaceable, hardened, wear-resistant wedge member in eacn of said pockets naving a concavely curved chip-directing surface located radially inward or the peri heral end of said cutting blade and extending at a negative henx angle to tne axis of rotation of said cutter to direct cmps from said cutting edge axially and radially outward of said body.

9. in a face milling cutter for cutting metals, the combination of a substantially cylindrical body having a plurality of slots open to the peripnery and one face of said body and having a back wall extending inwardly from said periphery at a large positive rake angle greater than requisite, a cutting blade detachably mounted within each of said slots and having cutting edges pro ecting beyond said periphery and said face 01 said body, the peripheral cutting edge of said blade being formed at the forward edge of a narrow land by an amount determined by the physical characteristics of the material to be cut to provide said peripheral end with an effective rake angle best suited for such material, said body being provided with a substantially cylin clrical pocket adjacent to and communicating with the leading side of each of said slots, and a replaceable, hardened, wear-resistant wedge member in each of said pockets having a concavely curved chip-directing surface located radially inward of the peripheral end of said cutting blade and extending at a negative helix angle to the axis of rotation of said cutter to direct chips from said cutting. edge axiallly and radially outward of said body, and a differential screw for forcing said wedge member against said blade and locking it in wedged position within said slot.

JOHN RUDOLPH MILLER.

REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record inthe file of this patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 943,540 Harrold Dec. 4, 1909 978,414 Vivarttas Dec. 13, 1910 1,143,449 Shimer June 15, 1915 2,096,472 Schmidt Oct. 19, 1937 2,136,953 Reaney Nov. 15, 1938 2,150,286 Miller Mar. 14, 1939 2,186,417 Kraus Jan. 9, 1940 FOREIGN PATENTS Number Country Date 445,825 Great Britain Apr. 20, 1936 

